Click on each image to show or hide the proper name of the alkane and its molecular formula. This is an example for naming alk anes, to name alkenes and alkynes. Naming and drawing alkynes and cyclic hydrocarbons date. The sites nearest to the oil refinery were found to be chronically contaminated by total petroleum hydrocarbons based on aliphatic biomarkers. This compound is the reference for octane ratings for gasoline.
Aromatic hydrocarbons are nonpolar molecules and are usually colourless liquids or solids with a characteristic aroma. A dependence of the selectivity of this process on the chemical composition and structure of the zeolites and the pressure of the reaction mixture has been studied and a reaction mechanism for this process. On the basis of the concentration of vhh in drinking water, air, and food the average daily uptake of vhh is estimated. Mechanism of action of toxic halogenated aromatics. Haloalkane or alkyl halides are the compounds which have the general formula rx where r is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and x is a halogen f, cl, br, i. Nitrogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons world health. There is no such thing as hydrocarbon as a single chemical species, a range of hydrocarbons do exist. Alkylation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in carbonaceous chondrites jamie e. Draw and name the five structural isomers of hexane c 6h14 15. The reactions of alkanes with halogens produce halogenated hydrocarbons, compounds in which one or more hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon have been replaced by halogen atoms. Another version of the document is optimized for fast web connections. The naming of the ending comes up from the nature of the hydrocarbon.
Conformations of alkanes conformation of a molecule represents the different molecular arrangement of atoms or groups caused by the free rotation around sigma bonds in the molecule. Propane it is easy to rotate about the cc bond in alkanes. Microbiological aspects of the removal of chlorinated hydrocarbons from air jan dolfing, arjan j. Halogenated hydrocarbons ohio supercomputer center. Worksheet nomenclature of hydrocarbons alkanes 2, 4dimethylpentane 2, 4dimethylhexane 2, 4dimethylhexane 2, 3 dimethylhexane b and c are the same compound. The alkanes are named according to the following rules. Using aluminum chloride as a catalyst, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were converted into carbons of two different structures, although at the early. The systematic synthesis of such compounds developed in the 19th century in. Dry cleaners may use any brand of halogenated hydrocarbon leak detector for the monthly monitoring provided they can demonstrate it meets the requirements of the rule, portable device capable of detecting vapor. Unesco eolss sample chapters petroleum engineering upstream the petroleum upstream industry. A process for improving the separation of a hydrocarbonaceous oil is provided, in which the oil is separated into fractions in an atmospheric distillation zone. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain the 6membered benzene ring structure a that is characterized by alternating double bonds.
If its is alkane, it ends with ane if alkene ene, if alkyne yne. Janssen department of biochemistry, university of groningen, 9747 a g groningen, the netherlands received 6 january 1993. Merge pdf files combine pdfs in the order you want with the easiest pdf merger available. Halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the. The replacement of only one hydrogen atom gives an alkyl halide or haloalkane. Hydrocarbons are used as fuels, solvents, and as raw materials for numerous products such as dyes, pesticides, and plastics.
C 1 c 6 application note environmental introduction porous polymers are generally preferred for cfc separations as the high retention allows the volatile cfcs to be measured at low levels. In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons worksheet answers draw the following hydrocarbons. The concept of resonance is used to explain this phenomena. Compounds that consist of only carbon and hydrogen. Unsaturated compounds having one or more carboncarbon double bonds or triple bonds or both type of bonds undergo addition reactions. It has been revealed that methane conversion on zsm zeolites in the presence of o 2 can yield hydrocarbons having molecules with more than one carbon atom. To name a hydrocarbon, first one must utilize the number of carbons in each hydrocarbon chain to come up with a prefix for the hydrocarbon name. Hydrocarbons worksheet answers hydrocarbons worksheet. In the twentieth century hydrocarbons were, and will continue t o be in the coming decades, by far the most important energy source, the engine of economic and indust rial development, a decisive factor in social organization, and a strategic raw material, whose destiny closely links alliances, conflicts, and geopolitical and security issues. Preparation of aromatic hydrocarbons from methane in the. Hydrocarbons are a class of molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Pbdes, pcbs, dioxins pcdds and pfcs are all polyhalogenated compounds. For example, free rotation around the carboncarbon bond is responsible for numerous conformations. However, if the porous polymer has no homogeneous pore size distribution, several molecules will show. Conformations of alkanes hydrocarbons everonn cbse. A mixture of hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons is used in a lava lamp the lamp warms the solid hydrocarbon chlorinated hydrocarbon mixture above it. Study 25 terms hydrocarbons practice problems flashcards. Water samples were analysed for hydrocarbons by gas chromatography. In this unit, you will learn more about hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen atoms bonded to each other by covalent. Hydrocarbons complete ppt free download as powerpoint presentation. They are also used as the starting materials for manufacture of many dyes and drugs. Chapter 8 free download as powerpoint presentation.
Petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons differ. The hydrogen atom attached to one carbon atom in ethane can occupy several. Organic compound such as benzene, methane, paraffins made of two elements carbon and hydrogen and found in coal, crude oil, natural gas, and plant life. Types of hydrocarbons each c atom is linear with sp hybridized orbitals. Aromatic hydrocarbons are immiscible with water but readily miscible with organic solvents. This is the definition of a halogenated hydrocarbon. Polyhalogenated compounds phcs are any compounds with multiple substitutions of halogens.
This pdf version, divided in several smaller files is suited for fast and slow web connections. Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. Naming hydrocarbons petroleum or crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons, which are molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Petroleum hydrocarbons are chemical compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon that are constituents of petroleum and various refined products of petroleum, including automotive gasoline, diesel fuel, lubricating oils, and the like. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Study of hydrocarbons only carbon and hydrogen atoms and their various derivatives. Hydrocarbons are composed of the elements 1 carbon and. Thus, you can well understand the importance of hydrocarbons in your daily life. One stream is passed through a heating zone and, subsequently, to a vacuum separation zone. Is there a way to break them down using certain chemicals other than dispersants. Benzene gives electrophilic substitution reactions.
The complete structural and molecular formula for the alkane series of hydrocarbons. Apart from their importance to photosynthetic and environmental chemistry, polyhalogenated alkanes. Health risks from volatile halogenated hydrocarbons. Halogenated hydrocarbon definition share flipboard email print this is the chemical structure of the halogenated hydrocarbon chloromethane.
Total hydrocarbon levels ranged between 46 and 76 mgl in seawater samples and between 28 and 102 mgl in water extracts. For each write the correct tupac namc for cach, draw a structural diagram inc, condensed or complete 17. The carbon atoms join together to form the framework of the compound, and the hydrogen atoms attach to them in many different configurations. Make sure you know how to do line diagrams, condensed formulas and structural formulas. The three simplest families of hydrocarbons are known as the alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. They are of particular interest and importance because they bioaccumulate in humans, and comprise a superset of which has many toxic and carcinogenic industrial chemicals as members. Nomenclature naming of hydrocarbons mind body science. These are organic molecules that consist only of hydrogen and carbon atoms in a treeshaped structure acyclic or not a ring. Chemical formula of hydrocabons alkane series table.
To change the order of your pdfs, drag and drop the files as you want. Draw the structural formula for each of the following. Volatile halogenated hydrocarbons vhh are annually produced and released into the environment in the 10 6 ton range. These questions represent the types of facts youll need to know. System protocols hazardous materials medical response team. Additional burdens from special sources are discussed as well as consequences for health policy. Pahs generated from these sources can bind to or form small particles in the air.
For each of the following iupac names draw a structural diagram. Halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons hpahs have been reported to occur in air, sediment, fly ash, and biota samples. Unsaturated hydrocarbons, which contain one or more double bonds, are useful chemicals for many reactions. These substances have characteristic physical and chemical properties unique to them, such as their ability to act as solvents able to nonpolar and slightly polar substances. At the top of the glass container it cools, contracts, becomes more dense than water and sinks. Chloroethane was produced synthetically in the 15th century. Archived pdf from the original on 26 september 2015. Find an answer to your question hydrocarbons are composed of the elements 1 carbon and hydrogen, only 2 carbon and oxygen, only 3 carbon, hydrogen and oxy. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pahs polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pahs are a class of chemicals that occur naturally in coal, crude oil, and gasoline.
Hydrocarbons worksheet draw the following hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons in seawater and water extract of jarzouna. Naming hydrocarbons and substituted hydrocarbons aim to apply the iupac rules for naming organic compounds notes naming hydrocarbons n family. The longest continuous chain of carbon atoms in the molecule, which may or may not be straight is selected as the parent chain and it gives the name of the parent hydrocarbon.
Main idea hydrocarbons are carboncontaining organic compounds. University of groningen microbiological aspects of the. I am looking to do an experiment about breaking down oil in a safer way than dispersants and learned that crude oil is made of many hydrocarbons. Write the name of each of the hydrocarbon molecules shown below. Examples of halogenated hydrocarbons and their uses are given. Mesini encyclopedia of life support systems eolss today comes from crude oil and natural gas more than 80% from fossil fuels and thus. Immediately download the hydrocarbon summary, chapterbychapter analysis, book notes, essays, quotes, character descriptions, lesson plans, and more everything you need for studying or teaching hydrocarbon. Zare1, 1department of chemistry, stanford university, stanford, ca 943055080, usa 2departments of geological sciences and chemistrybiochemistry, arizona state university, tempe, az 852871404, usa. This report has been submitted to letter ballot of the commit. Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between. They also are produced when coal, oil, gas, wood, garbage, and tobacco are burned.
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